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FBI Declines to Confirm or Deny Pre-9/11 Borovoy Records as Midtown Tribune Investigates His Russia–Bin Laden Claims


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NEW YORK — The FBI has formally responded to a Midtown Tribune records request concerning
Konstantin Borovoy
and the period before September 11, 2001. The bureau declined to confirm or deny whether responsive records exist. The request is part of a broader documentary investigation into Borovoy’s public claim that he warned U.S. officials in 1999 about Osama bin Laden, civilian aircraft, New York and alleged Russian intelligence involvement.

September 24, 2026 | Midtown Tribune Investigations Desk

Editorial clarification: Midtown Tribune is investigating Borovoy’s allegations and related open-source historical material. We are not reporting as established fact that the Kremlin, the Soviet Union, Russian intelligence, or Vladimir Putin planned or directed the September 11 attacks. The official U.S. record attributes the attacks to al-Qaeda. The purpose of this investigation is to determine whether contemporaneous records support, contradict or clarify Borovoy’s claims.

The New Development: The FBI Has Responded

On September 17, 2026, the Federal Bureau of Investigation sent Midtown Tribune a formal response to a Freedom of Information Act request seeking records concerning Konstantin Borovoy from the period before September 11, 2001.

The FBI assigned the matter FOIPA Request No. 1757298-000 and identified the subject as:

“BOROVOY, KONSTANTIN (Before September 11, 2001)”

The FBI did not say that no records exist.

Instead, because the request concerns another living individual, the bureau said it would “neither confirm nor deny the existence of such records” under FOIA privacy exemptions (b)(6) and (b)(7)(C).

The FBI also stated that this standard response should not be interpreted to mean that records either exist or do not exist.

That distinction is central. The FBI response does not validate Borovoy’s allegations, but it also does not resolve whether responsive records exist.

Why Midtown Tribune Requested the Records

The FBI request is not the subject of the investigation. It is one tool being used to search for contemporaneous evidence.

Midtown Tribune is examining a specific historical claim: whether Borovoy provided U.S. authorities before September 11, 2001 with information alleging that Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda were preparing an attack involving civilian aircraft and New York, and whether that information also alleged involvement or cooperation by Russian intelligence or security structures.

The investigation asks four separate questions:

  • Did Borovoy actually provide such information to U.S. officials before September 11, 2001?
  • If he did, what exactly did he say and when did he say it?
  • Did his information include a specific allegation concerning Russian intelligence or security services?
  • Do contemporaneous U.S. government records support, contradict or materially qualify his later account?

Those questions should not be collapsed into a conclusion. Proof that a warning was delivered would not automatically prove that the warning was accurate. Proof of historical Soviet relationships with militant organizations would not automatically prove Russian involvement in 9/11.

What Borovoy Publicly Claimed

In a 2020 interview published by Gordon, Borovoy was asked directly about his claim that Russian intelligence services were involved in planning an attack by Osama bin Laden’s terrorists against the United States.

Borovoy answered that he had traveled to the United States in 1999 carrying information about preparations for terrorist attacks. He described the information as alleging that bin Laden and al-Qaeda intended to use civilian aircraft against skyscrapers in New York.

He further said that he told a deputy director of the FBI in Washington about the information.

These are Borovoy’s statements, not independently established findings by Midtown Tribune.

Source: Gordon interview with Konstantin Borovoy.

Borovoy’s Claimed Source: Two GRU Officers

In the same interview, Borovoy said that the information came from two officers whom he identified as GRU officers. According to his account, those officers told him about bin Laden while he was investigating other allegations involving Russian security structures.

Borovoy also claimed that a later FBI inquiry made with the assistance of a U.S. congressman confirmed that the FBI had possessed such information but had failed to act on it because of poor coordination among agencies.

Midtown Tribune has not yet obtained the alleged 2003 FBI response described by Borovoy. Until such a document is produced and authenticated, that portion remains Borovoy’s claim.

A Contemporaneous Fact: Borovoy Was Testifying in Washington in 1999

There is independent official evidence placing Borovoy in Washington during the relevant period.

On October 7, 1999, Borovoy testified before the U.S. House Committee on International Relations at a hearing titled U.S. Policy Toward Russia, Part II: Corruption in the Russian Government.

The official congressional record identifies him as a Russian State Duma deputy and chairman of the Economic Freedom Party.

In that testimony, Borovoy warned about the criminalization of Russian political power, hostility toward the United States and NATO, and the possibility that Russia could develop into what he called a “small evil empire” hostile to the democratic world. He also warned that U.S. policy could produce circumstances resembling events preceding Pearl Harbor.

Source: U.S. Government Publishing Office — October 7, 1999 House hearing.

But the public transcript of that hearing does not contain Borovoy’s later specific claim about bin Laden, civilian aircraft striking New York skyscrapers or Russian intelligence involvement in such an operation.

That absence is important. It is one reason Midtown Tribune is seeking other contemporaneous records.

Why Midtown Tribune Is Also Examining the Soviet-Era Record

Borovoy’s allegation concerns post-Soviet Russian intelligence. Midtown Tribune is also reviewing older open-source material because some former Soviet-bloc intelligence officials described a much earlier history of state contact with militant organizations and aircraft hijacking.

This historical material may provide context. It does not by itself establish continuity from Soviet operations to the September 11 plot.

Ion Mihai Pacepa’s Claim About the KGB and Passenger Aircraft

Ion Mihai Pacepa, a former senior Romanian intelligence official who defected to the United States, later made a striking retrospective allegation about Soviet intelligence and terrorism.

Writing in 2011, Pacepa said that KGB chairman Yuri Andropov viewed international terrorism as a strategic weapon and claimed that hijacked passenger aircraft became a KGB terrorist tool beginning in 1969.

Pacepa further claimed that a series of major hijackings had been organized through KGB structures and carried out by militants trained by the KGB.

Source: Ion Mihai Pacepa, “What I Remember,” National Review, 2011.

Midtown Tribune treats this as Pacepa’s retrospective allegation. It is not equivalent to an official finding that the Soviet Union created the specific September 11 method of crashing hijacked civilian aircraft into buildings.

What Archival Records Show About the KGB and Wadi Haddad

Separate archival material provides documentary evidence of a covert relationship between the KGB and Wadi Haddad, who headed external operations for the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.

A KGB memorandum dated April 23, 1974, reproduced and translated by the Bukovsky Archives, states that the KGB had maintained secret working contact with Haddad since 1968. The document says the relationship allowed Soviet intelligence to exercise influence over the PFLP’s external-operations section and potentially pursue Soviet objectives through the organization while preserving secrecy.

Source: Bukovsky Archives — KGB memorandum, April 23, 1974.

A second KGB document dated May 16, 1975, also reproduced by the Bukovsky Archives, describes Haddad as a trusted KGB intelligence agent and records a covert Soviet transfer of foreign-made weapons and ammunition to him.

Source: Bukovsky Archives — KGB memorandum, May 16, 1975.

These documents are relevant to the historical question of Soviet relationships with militant organizations. They do not establish that the KGB planned the September 11 attacks.

U.S. Government Records Confirm Earlier Terrorist Hijackings of New York-Bound Aircraft

Official U.S. records provide another part of the historical background.

On September 6, 1970, members of the PFLP launched a coordinated series of aircraft hijackings. U.S. State Department records show that TWA Flight 741 was scheduled from Frankfurt to New York and Swissair Flight 100 from Zurich to New York when they were hijacked. Other aircraft were also targeted in the operation.

Source: U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian — September 6, 1970 telegram on multiple hijackings.

A National Archives account of the same episode describes four commercial aircraft in Europe destined for New York City as targets of the coordinated September 1970 operation.

Source: U.S. National Archives — historical review of the September 1970 hijackings.

But the 1970 operation involved hijacking, hostage-taking and destruction of aircraft after passengers were removed. These U.S. archival records do not establish a Soviet plan to crash civilian aircraft into New York skyscrapers.

What the Official 9/11 Record Says

The established U.S. account attributes the September 11 attacks to al-Qaeda.

The FBI’s official history of the investigation states that the 19 hijackers were trained by al-Qaeda and that the Bureau opened the PENTTBOM investigation immediately after the attacks.

Source: FBI — 9/11 Investigation.

The 9/11 Commission reconstructed the development of the plot within al-Qaeda, including the roles of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Osama bin Laden.

The Commission also reported that the available evidence showed the 19 operatives were funded by al-Qaeda and that it found no evidence that a foreign government or foreign government official supplied funding for the plot.

Source: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States — Chapter 5.

That finding is significant, but it should not be stretched beyond what it says. A finding concerning financing is not automatically a finding about every conceivable intelligence contact, relationship, source, warning or form of assistance.

What the Current Evidence Does — and Does Not — Show

What is documented

  • Borovoy publicly claimed that in 1999 he carried information to the United States concerning bin Laden, al-Qaeda, civilian aircraft and New York.
  • Borovoy publicly alleged that the information included a Russian-intelligence dimension.
  • Borovoy was in Washington and testified before Congress in October 1999 on Russian political and security concerns.
  • Pacepa later alleged that Soviet intelligence had adopted aircraft hijacking as a terrorist instrument decades earlier.
  • Archival KGB material reproduced by the Bukovsky Archives documents a covert KGB relationship with Wadi Haddad, a major PFLP external-operations figure.
  • Official U.S. records document PFLP hijackings of New York-bound passenger aircraft in 1970.
  • The official U.S. 9/11 record attributes the attacks to al-Qaeda.
  • The FBI has now declined to confirm or deny whether it holds responsive pre-9/11 records concerning Borovoy.

What is not established

  • Midtown Tribune has not established that the Kremlin planned the September 11 attacks.
  • Midtown Tribune has not established that Vladimir Putin personally ordered or approved the attacks.
  • Midtown Tribune has not established that Russian intelligence directed Osama bin Laden or al-Qaeda’s 9/11 operation.
  • Midtown Tribune has not established that the Soviet Union designed the specific tactic of crashing civilian passenger aircraft into New York skyscrapers.
  • Midtown Tribune has not yet obtained a contemporaneous FBI document confirming Borovoy’s claimed 1999 warning.
  • Midtown Tribune has not yet obtained the 2003 FBI response Borovoy says confirmed that the information had existed inside the U.S. government.

What the FBI’s New Letter Means

The September 17, 2026 FBI letter is important because it creates a documented new step in the records search.

It confirms that the FBI formally processed Midtown Tribune’s request under FOIPA Request No. 1757298-000 and identified its subject as “BOROVOY, KONSTANTIN (Before September 11, 2001).”

But because the request concerned a third party, the bureau invoked privacy exemptions and declined to confirm or deny whether responsive records exist.

The letter therefore cannot honestly be described as either:

  • “The FBI confirmed Borovoy’s warning,” or
  • “The FBI confirmed there are no Borovoy records.”

Neither statement is supported by the response.

Midtown Tribune Has Asked Borovoy to Request His Own Records

After receiving the FBI response, Midtown Tribune contacted Borovoy and asked him to consider filing his own first-person request for FBI records covering the period from January 1, 1999 through September 11, 2001.

The purpose is straightforward: the FBI’s current response is based on privacy protections applicable to a request concerning another person. A request from Borovoy himself could permit a different records review, although other legal exemptions could still apply.

Midtown Tribune has supplied Borovoy with draft language for such a request.

The Evidence Midtown Tribune Is Looking For

The investigation is now focused on documents created before September 11, 2001.

Particularly important would be authenticated records showing that, before the attacks, U.S. officials received information combining some or all of the following elements:

  • Osama bin Laden or al-Qaeda;
  • civilian passenger aircraft;
  • New York or New York skyscrapers;
  • a planned attack against the United States;
  • and an allegation concerning Russian intelligence or security personnel.

An FBI FD-302, electronic communication, intelligence referral, embassy cable, State Department record, congressional correspondence, visitor record or other contemporaneous government document could materially change the evidentiary picture.

Even then, two questions would remain separate:

  1. Was the warning actually delivered before September 11?
  2. Was the warning factually correct?

Those are not the same question.

The Central Question

Midtown Tribune’s investigation can be reduced to a narrowly framed historical question:

Did U.S. authorities receive a specific warning before September 11, 2001 alleging that Russian intelligence or security structures were connected to a bin Laden operation involving civilian aircraft and New York — and, if so, what evidence existed behind that warning?

That is the question the records search is intended to answer.

Bottom Line

The news today is that the FBI has responded to Midtown Tribune’s records request.

The bureau declined to confirm or deny whether it holds responsive pre-9/11 records concerning Konstantin Borovoy.

The larger investigation concerns Borovoy’s allegation that he warned U.S. officials in 1999 about bin Laden, civilian aircraft, New York and an alleged Russian-intelligence connection.

Open-source historical material shows that Soviet intelligence had covert relationships with figures involved in international terrorism and that militant organizations had used civilian passenger aircraft in coordinated operations decades before 9/11. Pacepa later alleged that aircraft hijacking had become a KGB terrorist instrument.

But those facts and allegations do not, separately or together, prove Russian responsibility for 9/11.

The missing evidence is contemporaneous documentation directly connecting the specific pre-9/11 warning described by Borovoy to U.S. government records — and, beyond that, evidence establishing whether the underlying allegation was true.

Midtown Tribune is continuing to look for that evidence.


FAQ

Did the FBI confirm that it has records about Borovoy’s alleged 1999 warning?

No. The FBI declined to confirm or deny whether responsive records exist.

Did the FBI say that no such records exist?

No. The FBI specifically said its standard response should not be interpreted to mean that records either exist or do not exist.

Is Midtown Tribune claiming that Russia organized 9/11?

No. Midtown Tribune is investigating Borovoy’s allegation and related historical evidence. The established U.S. record attributes the attacks to al-Qaeda.

What exactly did Borovoy claim?

In a 2020 interview, Borovoy said he brought information to the United States in 1999 alleging that bin Laden and al-Qaeda were preparing to use civilian aircraft against New York skyscrapers. He also described the information as having a Russian-intelligence dimension. These remain his claims unless independently corroborated.

What did Pacepa claim?

Pacepa later alleged that Soviet intelligence had turned hijacked passenger aircraft into a terrorist instrument beginning in the late 1960s. Midtown Tribune treats this as a retrospective intelligence-source claim, not proof that the Soviet Union designed the September 11 attacks.

What do archival records independently show?

Archival KGB material reproduced by the Bukovsky Archives documents covert KGB contact with Wadi Haddad of the PFLP and later Soviet arms support. Official U.S. records document coordinated PFLP hijackings of New York-bound aircraft in 1970. These records establish historical context, not responsibility for 9/11.


Primary Sources and Investigation Files

FBI — September 17, 2026 FOIPA response to Midtown Tribune
FOIPA Request No. 1757298-000, subject: “BOROVOY, KONSTANTIN (Before September 11, 2001).” Midtown Tribune possesses the response letter. The public article does not reproduce the requester’s private address or any temporary eFOIA download token.

U.S. Government Publishing Office — Borovoy testimony, October 7, 1999
U.S. Policy Toward Russia, Part II: Corruption in the Russian Government

FBI — Official 9/11 investigation
9/11 Investigation

National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
9/11 Commission Report — Chapter 5

U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian
September 6, 1970 telegram on multiple aircraft hijackings

U.S. National Archives
Historical review of the September 1970 hijackings

Konstantin Borovoy interview
Gordon — Borovoy interview containing his account of the alleged 1999 warning

Ion Mihai Pacepa — retrospective account
National Review — “What I Remember”

KGB memorandum reproduced by the Bukovsky Archives — April 23, 1974
KGB contact with Wadi Haddad

KGB memorandum reproduced by the Bukovsky Archives — May 16, 1975
Covert arms transfer to Wadi Haddad


Editorial Standard

Midtown Tribune distinguishes primary documents, established historical facts, retrospective testimony and unverified allegations. Statements by Konstantin Borovoy and Ion Mihai Pacepa are attributed to them unless independently corroborated. Historical evidence of Soviet intelligence relationships with militant organizations does not, by itself, establish Soviet or Russian responsibility for the September 11 attacks. This investigation will be updated if additional authenticated primary-source records become available.

Ask Midtown Tribune about this story

Answers are grounded first in this article. Search all Midtown Tribune reporting from the main AI Search page.

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FBI says source of its jobs portal breach still unknown as hackers allege employee data compromised


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from Latest Politics News | Fox News.

The FBI is working to determine whether a breach involving its jobs website originated within the bureau or through a third-party provider after a criminal hacking group claimed it obtained FBI employees’ personal information.

“The FBI is aware of a cyber-criminal enterprise group claiming a compromise of the FBIJobs.gov portal and alleged impact to FBI employee personally identifiable information (PII),” the organization wrote in an X post Thursday. 

“While the point of breach is still undetermined — whether a third-party or the FBI’s enterprise — we are actively and aggressively investigating this matter and working closely with those third-party providers that support FBIJobs.gov to mitigate any and all risk.”

Jason Pack, CEO of Media Rep Global Strategies and a retired FBI supervisory special agent, said the distinction between a personnel data breach and access to the FBI’s classified systems is critical as investigators determine the scope of the incident.

FBI INVESTIGATES AFTER SHINYHUNTERS HACKERS CLAIM THEFT OF AGENTS’ PERSONAL DATA

“There is a meaningful difference between somebody obtaining personnel information and somebody gaining access to classified investigative systems,” he told Fox News Digital. “Based on what we know right now, there is no indication they have the keys to the kingdom.”

ShinyHunters, a criminal hacking and extortion group, has taken responsibility for the breach and said it stole information belonging to nearly all FBI agents and people who applied to work for the bureau, Reuters previously reported.

A sample of data shared with Reuters contained agents’ names, home addresses, Social Security numbers, assignments and, in some cases, names of family members, according to the outlet.

DMV BREACH CONFIRMED AS HACKERS CLAIM 200,000 RECORDS STOLEN

ShinyHunters, a criminal hacking and extortion group, has taken responsibility for the breach on the FBI website. (Reuters, File)

Pack said combining personal information with information about an FBI employee’s work could create additional security risks.

“If an adversary knows who somebody is, where they work and what they do, they can build a much more believable scam around that person,” he said.

Pack said assignment information could also carry counterintelligence implications if it falls into the hands of a foreign intelligence service.

“There is also a counterintelligence concern. If a foreign intelligence service can associate particular people with certain assignments, it can help them identify individuals they may want to learn more about, approach or potentially assess for recruitment,” he added. 

“That does not mean that is happening here. It simply explains why assignment information can have value to an adversary.”

CHINA-LINKED HACKERS INFILTRATED US GOVERNMENT NETWORKS BEFORE FBI TAKEDOWN

The FBI said it is working with third-party providers supporting FBIJobs.gov. (Kevin Carter/Getty Images, File)

Pack stressed that the hackers’ claims remain separate from what the FBI has confirmed, and said the bureau still needs to determine what information was accessed, how the breach occurred and who may have been affected.

CLICK HERE TO DOWNLOAD THE FOX NEWS APP

“The danger from stolen personal information does not necessarily end when the computer vulnerability is fixed,” he said. “Criminals may hold onto that information and use it weeks or months later.”

The FBI said it is working with third-party providers supporting FBIJobs.gov as investigators seek to determine the source of the breach and mitigate potential risks.

Brittany Miller is a Fox News Digital breaking news writer and former Independent reporter who graduated from Syracuse University in 2023.

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FBI investigates breach of jobs website as hackers claim ‘very sensitive data’ stolen


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from The Guardian.

The FBI is investigating an apparent breach of its jobs website as a criminal hacking group claimed to have accessed “very sensitive data” on nearly all agents and job applicants.

“The FBI is aware of claims regarding unauthorized activity affecting FBIjobs.gov and is currently investigating,” the bureau said in a statement. The website, the main portal for prospective employees to learn about the FBI and initiate the application process, remained offline Wednesday morning.

A message that circulated online from a hacking group known as ShinyHunters claimed responsibility for the hack.

The message, directed to FBI director Kash Patel as well as the assistant director in charge of the FBI’s cyber division, said the hacking group had “compromised very sensitive data on almost ALL FBI Agents and individuals who filed an application with the FBI for a job”.

The claims could not immediately be verified, and an FBI spokesperson declined to comment further. An email to an address associated with the organization was not immediately returned.

In its message, ShinyHunters said it would give the bureau one week to correct or remove what it says are false allegations in an FBI public service announcement from May that described the organization as a “cyber criminal group specializing in large-scale data breaches and extortion”.

That announcement characterized ShinyHunters as “threat actors” who often “use their real or exaggerated claims of access to sensitive or personal information to prompt payment from victims”, commonly harass or threaten victims and “may falsely claim to have sensitive or compromising information, including embarrassing photographs or videos of victims, which frequently do not exist”.

ShinyHunters said in its message to the FBI that it was “offended” by those characterizations and demanded that the FBI remove those claims.

The FBI has been a common hacking target.

In March, the agency disclosed that it was investigating “suspicious activities” on an internal system that contains sensitive information related to surveillance operations and investigations. Also that month, a pro-Iranian hacking group claimed to have hacked an account of Patel’s and posted online what appear to be years-old photographs of him, along with a work résumé and other personal documents dating back more than a decade.

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Hackers Say They Stole Thousands of Sensitive F.B.I. Personnel Records


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The compromise, if confirmed, would be the latest in a string of cybersecurity failures at the F.B.I., which said it was investigating the matter.

A prolific criminal hacking group said it had stolen the data from an online jobs portal for the F.B.I.Credit…Tierney L. Cross/The New York Times

Dustin Volz

Dustin Volz covers cybersecurity and intelligence and has reported extensively on multiple major hacks of sensitive data at the F.B.I. He reported from Washington.

A prolific criminal hacking group said Tuesday that it had stolen a large tranche of sensitive personnel information belonging to thousands of F.B.I. officials in what would amount to a stunning breach of private data for the nation’s top law enforcement agency.

The hackers, who call themselves ShinyHunters, said the records were stolen from an online jobs portal for the bureau and included names of current and former agents as well as applicants and corresponding home addresses, phone numbers, names of spouses, certain medical information and other data. The group does not appear to have yet leaked any of the data publicly.

“We have compromised the FBI,” the group said in a message posted online that was addressed to the F.B.I. director, Kash Patel, and Brett Leatherman, who oversees the bureau’s cybersecurity division. “We hold very sensitive data on almost ALL FBI Agents and individuals who filed an application with the FBI for a job.”

In its message, ShinyHunters said it had targeted the F.B.I. as retribution for a public advisory the bureau issued in the spring warning about the group’s tactics. The group demanded the F.B.I. “correct or simply REMOVE” the advisory, which said ShinyHunters was known to harass victims and family members with threatening or coercive maneuvers, and do so within a week or risk further consequences.

An F.B.I. spokeswoman acknowledged the breach, saying that the bureau was aware of the claims and that it was investigating. In a statement, the bureau said, “While the point of breach is still undetermined — whether a third-party or the F.B.I.’s enterprise — we are actively and aggressively investigating this matter and working closely with those third-party providers that support FBIJobs.gov to mitigate any and all risk.”

The jobs website remained inaccessible Wednesday morning after its homepage a day earlier featured a banner that read, “THIS SITE HAS BEEN SEIZED BY SHINYHUNTERS.”

In an exchange with The New York Times, ShinyHunters described the personnel records it had, stating they concerned the private information of tens of thousands of people. News of the apparent hacking was reported earlier by 404 Media, an online cybersecurity and technology news publication.

Current and former F.B.I. officials and cybersecurity experts who track criminal groups said that the breach appeared authentic and that it amounted to a potentially devastating security lapse and counterintelligence danger for the bureau. Among other concerns, the personnel information of F.B.I. officials, if posted on the dark web, could be acquired by foreign intelligence agencies in China, Russia or elsewhere and weaponized for espionage operations.

Image

Kash Patel, the F.B.I. director, had his personal emails hacked and leaked in March by a pro-Iranian group.Credit…Tierney L. Cross/The New York Times

“If true, this data breach is a reminder that no one is immune from cyberthreats and, unfortunately, it raises serious public safety and counterintelligence risks,” said Sumon Dantiki, a partner at the law firm Baker McKenzie and former senior F.B.I. and Justice Department official who worked on cybersecurity issues.

A more tangible concern is that the data could also be a road map for violent criminals to seek retribution against the F.B.I. agents who put them behind bars, said Cynthia Kaiser, a former senior F.B.I. official who oversaw major cyberinvestigations. F.B.I. agents sign their names to court paperwork submitted against criminal suspects but are generally trained to avoid letting sensitive personal information, such as home addresses or familial ties, easily surface online.

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“What worries me most is how any criminal with a grudge could use this data to target and physically harm not only the F.B.I. agents who investigated them, but also those agents’ families,” Ms. Kaiser said.

ShinyHunters is a well-known hacking collective that has been active for years and has claimed a string of major headline-grabbing breaches, though security researchers say the group has at times exaggerated or misrepresented its actions. It credibly takes responsibility for several notable hacks, however.

In May, it said it had compromised an online learning system called Canvas that is used by thousands of schools and universities around the world, which led to the spring F.B.I. advisory. The group also said it was behind attacks against Ticketmaster in 2024, which the hackers said had compromised the user information of more than 500 million customers.

The apparent F.B.I. breach called to mind the vast theft more than a decade ago of about 20 million government employee and contractor records from the Office of Personnel Management. That heist, which the Obama administration blamed on the Chinese government, is still considered one of the worst cybersecurity failures on record in the United States. As a result, government agencies strove to better protect and disaggregate sensitive data in an attempt to avoid future thefts of such richly detailed databases.

Given the O.P.M. debacle, former F.B.I. officials said they were stunned to learn that such valuable — and voluminous — private information about bureau personnel appeared to be held in an online database tied to a jobs portal.

The ShinyHunters breach would be just the latest in a recent string of cybersecurity lapses for the F.B.I. Earlier this year, the bureau identified what it believed were Chinese hackers inside a database it maintains on its domestic surveillance orders. That discovery was especially alarming because Beijing appeared to be building on a catastrophic infiltration of the F.B.I.’s internal network used to process and maintain domestic wiretaps on criminal suspects, which was part of a far-reaching espionage campaign that officials first disclosed in 2024 that infiltrated U.S. telecommunications infrastructure.

Mr. Patel, too, had his personal emails hacked and leaked in March by a pro-Iranian hacktivist group associated with the country’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security.

In the most recent episode, ShinyHunters said it had weaponized a zero-day, or previously undiscovered, computer bug within the Oracle PeopleSoft software, an application that companies use for human resources and financial management. The group declined to answer specific questions about the apparent flaw, saying in an email that “we intend to utilise the zero-day for our businesses’ normal operations.” Oracle did not respond to a request for comment.

It was not clear what ShinyHunters, which said it had made off with two to three terabytes of data in total, intended to do should the F.B.I. not retract its advisory about the group. Flashpoint, a cybersecurity company in the United States, said it expected the hackers would likely follow their playbook against corporate victims and soon leak the stolen data online.

“We cannot comment on what we will do if the F.B.I. does not comply with our request,” ShinyHunters said in its email to The Times. “We reiterate we are not extorting the F.B.I. and this is NOT financially motivated.”

The hackers added: “Our intention, goal and motive is solely to set the record straight.”

Tawnell D. Hobbs contributed reporting.

Dustin Volz writes about cybersecurity and intelligence for The Times. He is based in Washington.

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Russia-Ukraine Conflict News Review -Gemini


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from The News And Times.

Here is a review of the key developments in the Russia-Ukraine war for today, September 23, 2026:

Aerial Warfare and Battlefield Developments

  • Daylight Strikes on Kyiv: Russia launched daytime drone attacks on the Ukrainian capital hours before President Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s scheduled address to the UN General Assembly. The strikes hit a business center and other facilities, killing at least two people and wounding 23.

  • Black Sea Cargo Ship Attacked: Russian forces attacked a cargo vessel sailing under the flag of Antigua and Barbuda in the Black Sea. The attack killed the ship’s captain, a Ukrainian citizen, and sparked a fire, forcing the crew to evacuate.

  • Ukrainian Strikes on Russian Energy: Ukraine continued its campaign against Russian energy infrastructure. Ukrainian special forces reported successful overnight strikes on oil refineries in Russia’s Samara (Kuibyshev) and Bashkortostan regions. Additionally, Ukraine’s Unmanned Systems Forces claimed to have hit 38 electrical substations in Russia and occupied territories under “Operation Crimean Switch Off”.

  • Frontline Clashes: The Ukrainian General Staff reported 247 combat engagements over the past 24 hours, noting that the fiercest fighting remains concentrated in the Pokrovsk and Kostiantynivka sectors.

Diplomatic Front at the UN General Assembly

  • Zelenskyy Meets Trump: President Zelenskyy met with US President Donald Trump in New York ahead of the UN General Assembly. Zelenskyy is seeking stronger commitments to secure Black Sea grain shipments and is requesting more US-made Patriot air defense systems to shield against ongoing bombardment. Reports indicate Trump provided no concrete answer regarding the provision of additional Patriot systems, which are currently in short supply due to competing global conflicts.

  • Japanese Support: Zelenskyy also held talks with Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi, securing reaffirmations of Japan’s continued support for Ukraine amid the ongoing conflict.

Broader Geopolitics and Sanctions

  • New US Sanctions on Russian Energy: President Trump signed the “Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026” into law. The legislation grants the US administration the authority to impose tariffs of up to 100% on countries that are top purchasers of Russian oil and gas, potentially putting major buyers like India and China in the crosshairs.

  • Russia-Iran Strategic Planning: A leaked non-public Russian government document revealed efforts by Moscow to build a broad, sanctions-proof economic partnership with Iran. The roadmap outlines plans to bypass Western financial networks by expanding trade in national currencies, developing central bank digital currencies, and creating independent financial messaging systems.

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Gemini News Review


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shared this story
from The News And Times.

UN General Assembly & Global Geopolitics

  • Trump and Zelenskyy at the UN: President Donald Trump is attending the UN General Assembly in New York, where he is expected to press Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy on an energy ceasefire. This comes as global diesel prices surge amidst the ongoing US conflict with Iran and Russia’s war in Ukraine.

  • Overnight Strikes in Ukraine: As world leaders gathered for the summit, Russian overnight missile and drone barrages across several Ukrainian regions killed at least three people.

  • US Base Expansion in Greenland: Trump announced plans to construct two “very major” US military bases in Greenland.

  • Iran Diplomacy: Trump indicated during the assembly that a diplomatic deal with Iran is likely following the US midterm elections.

  • Yemen Conflict: Houthi forces are moving to seize strategic mountainous terrain in Yemen following reports that the US called off planned airstrikes against the group at the last minute.

  • Drone Tech Proliferation: A US intelligence assessment warns that Latin American drug cartels are making alarming technological advances in drone warfare, a shift fueled by fighters returning from the Russia-Ukraine war.

US Politics & Domestic News

  • Media Blackout Protest: Major television networks have suspended their video coverage of President Trump in response to the White House banning reporters from CNN, MS NOW, and Politico. The banned outlets have subsequently filed a lawsuit.

  • ICE Detainee Tracking Halted: US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has unannouncedly stopped publicly sharing the locations of thousands of detainees with final deportation orders, significantly hindering lawyers and family members from locating them.

  • 2028 GOP Maneuvering: Early political moves are already underway within the Republican party as potential contenders prepare to challenge Vice President JD Vance for the 2028 presidential nomination.

  • Senate Challenges: Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez has refused to rule out a potential primary run against Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer.

Additional Headlines

  • Hurricane Polo: The storm has intensified into a Category 5 hurricane off the coast of Mexico, threatening the region with life-threatening flooding.

  • Japan’s Aging Population: Japan has reached a new demographic milestone, recording over 100,000 citizens aged 100 or older as the country faces mounting pressure on its social care systems and worsening labor shortages.

  • Travel Disruptions: Flights were halted at several major airports across the US Northeast due to widespread tech problems.

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Russian drone attack on Kyiv kills 2, injures 25, strikes historic market near central railway station


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Editor’s note: This is a developing story and is being updated.

Russian drones killed two people and injured at least 25 more in the capital in the early hours of Sept. 23, local authorities reported, as Russian drones fell in two districts near the Central Station.

Kyiv Mayor Vitali Klitschko said two people were killed as a result of Russian strikes, and 25 other residents were injured as of 13:37 p.m. local time. Seventeen of the injured were being treated in city hospitals, he added.

Russian drones came down in the Holosiivskyi, Darnitskyi, and Solomianskyi districts of Kyiv, the latter of which also hosts the Kyiv Central Station.

A fire broke out in the historic railway market “Shayba” near the Central Station, Kyiv Independent reporters confirmed. The round structure was built in the 70’s as an experimental indoor market.

Oleksandr Pertsovskyi, chairman of the board of Ukrzaliznytsia, said that Russia struck railway infrastructure in Kyiv and injured one of their workers.

At 11:02 am local time, Ukrzaliznytsia said that the Kyiv Central Station was not damaged by the Russian strikes.

Damage at the historic railway market “Shayba” near Kyiv’s Central Station after Russia’s attack on Kyiv on Sept. 23, 2026 (Anastasiia Kasinchuk/The Kyiv Independent)

Schoolchildren, among others, were sheltering in the Kyiv metro as Russian drones flew over the capital during rush hour.

While the full extent of the damage caused is not fully clear at the moment, smoke was visible from the city centre following the Russian attacks in various parts of Kyiv , according to Kyiv Independent journalists on the ground.

In the Solomianskyi district, a Russian drone struck a 9-story residential building, Klitschko said.

Klitschko also said that drone debris fell in the Solomianskyi district of the capital in an area between residential buildings, and a fire broke out in the area of a transportation company.

A Russian drone also crashed into a four-story business center in the Holosiivskyi district of Kyiv, according to the mayor. A gas station and warehouses in the Holosiivskyi district were also targeted.

In Darnytskyi district, a fire broke out in a warehouse, according to the Kyiv City Military Administration (KMDA).

Internet providers in Kyiv reported network outages after the Russian attacks damaged data centers of the companies Pavutina and UTELS.

Damage at the historic railway market “Shayba” near Kyiv’s Central Station after Russia’s attack on Kyiv on Sept. 23, 2026 (Anastasiia Kasinchuk/The Kyiv Independent)

In Kyiv Oblast, Russian attacks over the past day damaged 18 facilities, injuring three people, including a 76-year-old man, Tymur Tkachenko, head of the Kyiv Regional State Administration, said.

The attacks came on the same day that Ukraine President Volodymyr Zelensky warned Kyiv of the potential for a new large-scale strike by Russia, referencing intelligence reports.

Kyiv authorities don’t have the resources to build shelters at every gas station, while the city also faces a shortage of weapons needed to intercept Russian drones and missiles, Klitschko said on Sept. 11.

Russia has recently employed a new tactic of using drones for hours-long attacks on Kyiv, putting residents on edge and into shelters throughout the day and night.

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CIA Enters ‘Scale Phase’ of AI Adoption


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The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) is entering the scale phase of its artificial intelligence (AI) implementation and has hundreds of AI projects underway, Israel Soong, deputy director of the CIA’s Office of AI, said Tuesday. 

After years of work, Soong said during a Federal News Network webinar that the agency has successfully rolled out an AI literacy program to thousands of officers, built a state-of-the-art model repository, deployed a chatbot, and partnered with four major cloud providers to bring frontier model capabilities to the agency. 

In some cases, Soong said that the agency is able to make new models available to users within seven to 10 days after they are released. 

“Over the past few years, we’ve made significant investments in foundational infrastructure to make AI broadly available across the CIA,” Soong said. “And right now, we’re kind of at an inflection point. Like, we’ve moved decisively beyond asking, ‘Should we adopt AI?’ to asking, ‘How do we operationalize it responsibly at scale?’” 

“In other words, we successfully completed an additional adoption phase, and now we’re expanding the capabilities and trying to transform mission execution,” he added. 

The next step for the agency is to continue to accelerate the adoption of AI while eliminating redundancies and prioritizing resource allocations, Soong said. 

“Now what we need is strategic stewardship,” he explained. “Now we’re trying to work AI into our mission workflows, not just as experimental tools, but as reliable capabilities changing how our workforce operates daily.” 

One way the CIA is doing that is by embedding large language models, retrieval-augmented generation techniques, and chatbot-style interfaces directly into analysts’ daily workflows, Soong said. The goal, he added, is to free officers from time-consuming data review and allow them to focus on more complex mission tasks. 

“Already, we’re seeing significant benefits to CIA’s intelligence mission,” Soong said. “It’s not the AI or the cloud in isolation, but all the elements of the AI tech stack working together, … that integrated approach of the two stacks is key.” 

In the future, Soong says that AI agents will also play a role in the CIA’s daily operations, picturing a world where  there are “teams of CIA officers managing teams of AI agents.” 

“There’s a potential for AI to assist analysis, but also identify blind spots for the analyst and generate novel hypotheses for them to consider when they write about their analysis. Also, we could have AI autonomously identify intelligence gaps and generate novel collection strategies,” Soong explained, adding that the CIA is aiming to have officers spend 80% of their time thinking critically about intelligence instead of collecting it. 

“Imagine this in the future,” he said. “AI agents have already … triaged the overnight intelligence for you. They’ve highlighted the most relevant operational developments, and they’re also combining and collating the intelligence reporting for you to review as you drink your morning coffee.” 

For now, Soong said the CIA’s next AI push centers on deploying smaller models and AI agents at the tactical edge so officers in remote or hostile environments can use AI with little or no connectivity.   

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Whig, Tory, and the Modern World

If you’re as old as I am (and live in the UK), you’ve likely read Our Island Story and its affectionate parody, 1066 and All That. You’ll know that Cavaliers were Wrong but Wromantic while Roundheads were Right but Repulsive. Oliver Cromwell had Charles I’s head chopped off, you see, and regicide is bad. Cromwell was, however, a great parliamentarian, and for that reason, memorable.

Historian George Owers—without naming either earlier work—takes the substance of these amusing observations and runs with them in The Rage of Party: How Whig Versus Tory Made Modern Britain, an account of the emergence of modern party politics during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. His personal sympathies are with the Tories (wrong but wromantic), but he is a fair and scrupulous scholar. He conveys to contemporary readers con brio the extent to which both modern Britain and the modern developed world are built on historic Whig (right but repulsive) policies and beliefs. In one significant area, however—immigration—events proved the Tories right, first in their own time and once again in our own. Owers makes quite a bit of this, but given its relevance to contemporary electoral polarisation, he is right to do so.

Jaw-Jaw is better than War-War

The process by which England and Scotland stopped fighting wars over both religion and questions of governance and decided to hold regular parliamentary elections about them instead is both a remarkable story and hard to write well. The period 1689-1725 is often considered too complex for narrative history: Rage of Party is its first treatment for a general audience.

Films and plays—let alone histories—that depend on ensemble casts and episodic plots can spin out of a writer’s control, so Owers does two things to keep his story straight. First, he focuses—much as a novelist would—on rounded portraits of major historical figures. You will never forget his Duke of Marlborough, his depictions of the Whig “junto” lords, or the financial wizard that was Sidney Godolphin. Secondly, he builds the book outwards from two extraordinary people who dominated the period: Robert Harley, Earl of Oxford—arguably our first prime minister—and the country’s monarch, Queen Anne. They provide a point around which every other figure pivots.

“All the antipathies of the Civil War, between Cavalier and Roundhead, the Church of England and the Puritans, were revived and transformed into a new era of partisan strife,” Owers notes. “The battle, although rambunctious, polarising, and sporadically violent, allowed the nation to negotiate its way through a tumultuous period without another civil war or major bloodshed.” The English, soon joined by the Scots, turned their faces against both monarchical absolutism and violent internal conflicts. They developed the modern system of party politics, complete with enduring institutions like parliamentary sovereignty and cabinet government.

Both the Civil War and the “rage of party” were disputes within English Protestantism. Tories and Whigs agreed that England—and, after 1707, Scotland also—must be a Protestant country. Toryism, however, wished to keep the religious ritual and powerful court of the Tudors and early Stuarts. Tories believed—with some justification—that Anglicanism, with its language, liturgy, ecclesiastical organisation, and music, was both a distinctive cultural phenomenon and an adornment to English civilisation.

If duels in Hyde Park in full view of schoolchildren are somewhat outside modernity’s ken, then disputes over immigration policy are not.

Whigs, meanwhile, looked to push the Reformation to what they believed was a logical conclusion, with a more puritanical church and a more democratic settlement. It was Whigs who sought to expand the franchise. To Whigs, the greatest threat came from a Catholic revival, aided and abetted by Louis XIV’s France. “The Whigs,” Owers writes, “saw the Tories as backward insular chauvinists who would give absolute power to a motley crew of designing, quasi-papist priests … and mad bigoted squires. The Tories saw the Whigs as fanatical seditious hypocrites who would happily destroy the monarchy.”

Over time, Whigs came to stand for finance, commerce, and cities. They were comfortable with running up debts and taxes to pay for foreign wars; their continuing desire to do so led to the founding of the Bank of England and the development of concepts like “national debt.” Tories, however, represented the landed gentry, and to them, high taxes were the Devil’s handiwork. Although the idea of income tax has existed since antiquity (jurists and imperial officials in both Ancient Rome and Han China speculated about the possibility), no premodern polity had the state capacity and administrative competence to make such a revenue-raising system function. The world’s first income tax had to wait for the Napoleonic wars.

During Anne’s reign, by contrast, land was the easiest thing to tax (“as far as I know, God isn’t making any more of it,” as my dad used to say) and the landed gentry—both Tory and Whig—bore the brunt. “Country Whigs” often finished up making common cause with Tory squires, which led to a finessing of the religious and political ruptures that had animated the Civil War. Owers describes this emerging conflict between town and country as a “realignment.” It provides shape and context for a political division that exists to this day.

This meant “the country interest” wanted what Owers simply calls “the war” to be brought to a swift, cost-saving peace, viewing it as a drain on the fisc. “The war” provides background radiation to everything else in Rage of Party, grinding on, young men in England’s shires and harbour towns press-ganged into service and fed into its ravening maw. The war, of course, was the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), which has some claim to being the first global conflict, presaging both Napoleon and the Great War.

Factionalism and ideology were ugly, but they also channelled terrifying and violent forces into the calmer waters of the two-party system. This calm was, of course, relative. Like freedom of speech—which I discussed in these pages in October—stable politics did not spring fully-formed from beneath Queen Anne’s skirts. General elections—held, thanks to the Triennial Act, every three years, as they are in modern Australia—often became violent. Voting was public: Britain did not use the ancient Roman secret ballot, while the Australian ballot, now employed worldwide, was yet to be invented. Bribery and drunkenness came standard. Outside elections, duels were common. One of the book’s most arresting passages concerns a swordfight between Charles, Lord Mohun (a Whig), and Scots Tory James, Duke of Hamilton.

Hamilton was twenty years older than Mohun, but decades of carousing and feasting had made Mohun fat and cumbersome. Hamilton got the upper hand as the two men desperately grappled, stabbing Mohun through his belly, thigh, and left side before delivering a mortal blow through his groin. As Mohun tried to parry the final blow, Hamilton cut three of his fingers to “bloody ribbons.” Mohun died in a matter of minutes. His shredded corpse was taken back to his London house, where his long-suffering wife had little comment to make other than to complain that the blood was ruining her “magnificent counterpane.”

Hamilton, however, was not to last much longer than Mohun himself. … His right leg had been slashed, an artery in his arm had been severed and his left side had been run through. These wounds proved fatal. Both men were dead. Colonel Hamilton [the Duke’s second, a relative] grimly remarked to MacCartney [Mohun’s second]: “We’ve made a fine morning’s work on it.”

Held in Hyde Park—so ordinary Londoners got an eyeful as they walked past, something Virginia Woolf uses as a plot-point in Orlando—its sheer bloodiness led Anne to move against duelling. She didn’t ban duels, but she did ban swords. Pistols were to be substituted, while in time duels became less frequent: all part of Britain’s steady movement towards political peace.

People Are Not Widgets

If duels in Hyde Park in full view of schoolchildren are somewhat outside modernity’s ken, then disputes over immigration policy are not. Modern developed states—except Australia, which has learned the lesson Owers imparts—have been forced to accept that migrants and refugees from different countries or classes or of different religions can add to or detract from civic order and good governance. Among statisticians, this phenomenon goes by the anodyne phrase “average differences between groups,” which conceals more than it reveals (unless you’re a statistician).

The Whig-Tory divide over foreign Protestant refugees—especially Huguenots (1680s to 1690s) and the larger wave of Palatine Germans (1708–11)—was a battleground that fused religion, economics, and … average differences between groups. After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, French Protestant Huguenots who fled to England proved an economic boon. High in human capital (the Spitalfields silk industry was their creation), their arrival helped other factors of production (land and labour) and made the country more prosperous.

The Whig-dominated ministry of 1708–10 (the “Junto”) was of the view that it was possible to repeat the dose with a similarly positive effect: in 1709, Britain welcomed an unprecedented 13,000–15,000 impoverished Lutherans as fellow Protestants and potential soldiers against France. “Poor Palatines,” they were called, after the German region from whence they hailed.

Contemporary legislatures are stuffed with media-obsessed nonentities sitting atop a bloated and unresponsive civil service.

Huguenots, they were not: unskilled, illiterate, and lazy, they cornered the limited poor relief available at the time, drove down local wages, lived in tent cities in Camberwell and other outlying parts of London, and were incapable of learning English. They became a flashpoint that contributed mightily to the 1710 Tory landslide—Tory canvassers used the episode as proof that Whig cosmopolitanism was both hypocritical and ruinously expensive. The election result allowed Harley to repeal the legislation naturalising them and boot them out of the country.

This process was sped along thanks to Jonathan Swift’s acid-tipped pen. He was now at the height of his powers as a Tory propagandist, read in coffee-houses up and down the country. “They understood no trade or handicraft, yet rather chose to beg than labour; who, beside infesting our streets, bred contagious diseases, by which we lost in natives thrice the number of what we gained in foreigners,” he wrote at one point.

What’s in a Name?

You’ve probably heard of Whigs and Tories, but may not know that both names began as insults. Whiggamores were Scottish Presbyterian rebels, while a Tory was an Irish Catholic outlaw. In a pattern familiar to us—think what people have done with gay and queer—the epithets were reclaimed and repurposed by those meant to be saddled with them.

Owers steps through the door opened by this name-calling, using it to draw out how personal morality complicated political attachments. This is particularly notable in his discussion of Thomas Wharton, one of the greatest Whig junto lords, and Henry St John, later Viscount Bolingbroke, a leading Tory and (later) reluctant Jacobite. Both men were freethinkers—even atheists—and thoroughly irreligious. Wharton, Owers writes, “was one of the greatest figures of the Turf of his age, owning the best stable of horses in England.” He won four duels against Tory opponents and was notorious for his infidelity. He also once broke into a Gloucestershire church after a night on the turps, shat on the altar, and pissed in the font.

We’ve come to associate Deism, moral laxity, and odd kinds of nonconformism with Whiggery, so Wharton’s libertinism seems of a piece. However, Bolingbroke reveals how such people can sometimes be instinctively conservative. He kept a string of mistresses and—as Owers puts it—“would have been invited to the London prostitutes’ Christmas parties had such events occurred.” One of many superbly selected colour illustrations in Rage of Party depicts Bolingbroke signing the Treaty of Utrecht using his mistress’s arse as a writing-desk.

Harley, meanwhile, came from a Dissenting background but was also from the country. He started as a “Country Whig” and evolved into a gentle Tory. He spent his career trying to bring moderates on both sides together, hoping to steer successive governments down a narrow path. For all that both Whig and Tory partisans despised his wheeling and dealing, calling him “Robin the Trickster” behind his back, unlike most of them, he was personally honest, uxorious, and devoted to his children. He never kept a mistress, took bribes, or sought personal preferment from the Queen. The last section of Rage of Party—where he finally loses Anne’s favour and goes to pieces mentally—is almost Shakespearean in its tragic effect.

Precisely because this period birthed a political system that, with local variations, exists across the developed world, Owers is alive to its contemporary resonances without pushing them too far or too hard. That said, on the book’s final page, he suggests we’re all “in our heart of hearts” either Whigs or Tories. “Which are you?” he asks.

What is certain is that a parliament of local notables embedded in their communities—these people would later build the largest empire ever seen, abolish slavery, and spark the Great Enrichment—proved to be responsive both to public opinion and facts on the ground. Meanwhile, contemporary legislatures are stuffed with media-obsessed nonentities sitting atop a bloated and unresponsive civil service. They produce little in the way of good government—just a ferociously expensive one.

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Monetizing Misery

What’s a few billion dollars between friends—or is it enemies? When President Trump first threatened to sue the BBC for between $1 and $5 billion, I could not help but recall my experience as an expert witness in British tort law cases. 

I soon came to the conclusion that the tort system was both corrupt and corrupting, more often than not turning justice into a game of poker.

Outright fraud, though it existed, was infrequent, but the truth was far worse than that, for the corrupting effect of the tort system was usually insidious and unconscious, or at most semi-conscious. 

It happened but rarely that a plaintiff had no grounds whatever for complaint, or that he or she was making something up out of whole cloth. But it is only human nature to think that where monetary reward (which is to say compensation) is proportional to the harmful effect of an injury, the harmful effect of that injury should be far worse when it is legally actionable than when it is not. Besides, the sheer repetition of a claim leads to inflation of it. 

Naturally, such a tendency to inflation is also worse where the injured party has less positive incentive to return to normal, among the negative incentives being the hope of compensation that is proportional to the harm allegedly suffered.

This is not because of conscious malingering; it is because a person is easily capable of persuading himself, without realising that he is doing so, that he is really suffering from something incapacitating.

The system offers perverse incentives that require great reserves of character to resist. I recall a case in which a young man of 20, having had a sporting injury, was so abominably treated by the hospital to which he was first admitted that, after many months of attempted corrective treatment, including many operations, his leg had to be amputated. I found in the notes evidence not of cruelty and incompetence alone, but of crime, insofar as the notes had clearly been altered in an obvious attempt to reduce evidence of the grossest negligence. 

But the young man was of unusual wisdom—and probity. As soon as he was able, he returned to work, which was perfectly possible once he was fitted with an artificial leg. From the point of view of compensation, returning to work was a mistake, as his lawyer made clear: his claim would have been much larger if he had claimed to be incapable of returning to work, which, in the circumstances, no one would dare to question in court. Instead, he accepted a low offer, sufficient to buy a house adapted to his needs. His lawyer was all for holding out for much more, but the young man wanted to put the whole episode behind him and continue his life as best he could, which turned out to be very well indeed. But the incentives to have exaggerated his difficulties were very great, and such incentives often work. 

Succumbing to the temptation to exaggerate the harms one has suffered turns out to be a mistake, precisely because most people who do so are not out-and-out villains. To disguise from themselves and others, therefore, the doubtful nature of the harm that they claimed to suffer, they have to continue to suffer it. They are like character actors who are so famous in a certain role that they cannot escape it, however much they might want to. 

Justice and law seemed only very tenuously connected, so much so that I was surprised when justice was done.

I was often surprised by the refusal of judges, who in my experience were generally biased in favour of the plaintiff, at least when the latter was a little man (or woman) confronting a large, rich and powerful company, to draw the most obvious conclusions about the trustworthiness of plaintiffs’ claims.

For example, I was involved in more than one case in which a plaintiff claimed that, as a result of his injury or mishap, he was completely unable to leave the house, all but bedbound, when the medical records clearly indicated that he had sought vaccinations against certain tropical diseases when he went on a holiday to a distant and exotic country. One would think that this would have led, at the very least, to the disallowance of that part of his claim, but it did not. No doubt the old severe legal principle, falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus (false in one thing, false in everything) has been superseded, but one would expect that gross errors of memory, such as having forgotten that one went on holiday to Brazil while allegedly having been unable to get out of bed or leave the front door, would create a certain degree of scepticism towards the claim in the judicial mind. But in my experience, they did not.

I was also surprised that, where the judge thought that the damages ought to be set at, say, $10,000 rather than the $10,000,000 claimed, he did not draw any conclusion about the honesty of the lawyer who argued for the $10,000,000. The difference in the award and the claim was so great that it could not have arisen merely from a slight difference in calculation, shall we say in the cost of repainting a room. But I never heard any judicial animadversions on an outrageously inflated claim: it was as if the judges were anxious to keep the whole system going as it was. They did not want to discourage litigation; rather, the reverse. After all, our universities are turning out bearers of law degrees in unprecedented numbers.

Furthermore, both sides in litigation usually played a game of poker, with which the truth or the abstract merit of the hand that they held played very little part in their calculations. The lawyers advising the parties took the past tendency of the judge to award great or relatively small damages more into account than the facts of the case. The risk of losing and the costs thereof were uppermost in the parties’ minds, so that the truly deserving received less than they deserved, and those who deserved nothing often made sums that, if not vast, were larger than those they could have made in any other way. It was often more expensive to continue an action when justice was on its side than to agree to an unjust settlement. 

Needless to say, this also did not discourage litigation, especially where the plaintiff had nothing to lose because he was offered a no-win-no-fee contract, and the lawyer in turn could insure himself against losing (though perhaps not time after time). 

At any rate, justice and law seemed only very tenuously connected, so much so that I was surprised when justice (or so it seemed to me) was done—albeit after years. 

The legal dispute between President Trump and the BBC may reveal dishonesty in one party or both, but unfortunately, there is nothing new there. The entire tort system, as I have said, was both corrupt and corrupting, without anyone having to be personally corrupt; and I am glad to say I never met a lawyer who struck me as obviously corrupt. Was I lucky—or naïve?